Confused pairs
Incorrect answers between two species (undirected). With a country selected, only mix-ups from games in that country are counted, and only pairs where both species are on that country's checklist are shown.
| Species A (lower id) | Species B (higher id) | Total wrong | A was target → picked B | B was target → picked A |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | Black Tern Chlidonias niger | 22 | 16 | 6 |
| Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | Herring Gull Larus argentatus | 22 | 13 | 9 |
| Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | Common Tern Sterna hirundo | 17 | 9 | 8 |
| Common Gull Larus canus | Herring Gull Larus argentatus | 15 | 3 | 12 |
| Common Gull Larus canus | Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | 12 | 4 | 8 |
| Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea | Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | 10 | 3 | 7 |
| Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus | Eurasian Goshawk Astur gentilis | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Little Tern Sternula albifrons | Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | 9 | 8 | 1 |
| Black Tern Chlidonias niger | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 7 | 3 | 4 |
| Red Kite Milvus milvus | Black Kite Milvus migrans | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos | Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus | Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus | Common Buzzard Buteo buteo | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Garganey Spatula querquedula | Gadwall Mareca strepera | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix | Grey Partridge Perdix perdix | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Black Kite Milvus migrans | Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Mediterranean Gull Ichthyaetus melanocephalus | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Common Redshank Tringa totanus | Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana | Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | Common Tern Sterna hirundo | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Common Linnet Linaria cannabina | Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Marsh Tit Poecile palustris | Willow Tit Poecile montanus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra | Eurasian Siskin Spinus spinus | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus | Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Woodlark Lullula arborea | Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Sanderling Calidris alba | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Dunlin Calidris alpina | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Common Gull Larus canus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Sand Martin Riparia riparia | Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula | Little Ringed Plover Thinornis dubius | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica | Western House Martin Delichon urbicum | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus | Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus | Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Garden Warbler Sylvia borin | Common Whitethroat Curruca communis | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Black Kite Milvus migrans | Common Buzzard Buteo buteo | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Ruff Calidris pugnax | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus | Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis | Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia | Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Little Tern Sternula albifrons | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | Common Redshank Tringa totanus | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava | Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Little Tern Sternula albifrons | Black Tern Chlidonias niger | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Little Tern Sternula albifrons | Common Tern Sterna hirundo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia | Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus | Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina | Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga | Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus | Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | Eurasian Goshawk Astur gentilis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Red Kite Milvus milvus | Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops | Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula | Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium passerinum | Little Owl Athene noctua | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ural Owl Strix uralensis | Great Grey Owl Strix nebulosa | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Ural Owl Strix uralensis | Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Long-eared Owl Asio otus | Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Bee-eater Merops apiaster | European Roller Coracias garrulus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius | White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius | Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Merlin Falco columbarius | Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor | Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius | Hooded Crow Corvus cornix | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hooded Crow Corvus cornix | Common Raven Corvus corax | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Coal Tit Periparus ater | Azure Tit Cyanistes cyanus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus | Azure Tit Cyanistes cyanus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis | Common Whitethroat Curruca communis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina | Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina | Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina | Common Whitethroat Curruca communis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola | Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola | Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris | Common Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis | Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides | Common Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Sand Martin Riparia riparia | Western House Martin Delichon urbicum | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus | Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus | Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla | Fieldfare Turdus pilaris | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Garden Warbler Sylvia borin | Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Barred Warbler Curruca nisoria | Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Goldcrest Regulus regulus | Common Firecrest Regulus ignicapilla | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Song Thrush Turdus philomelos | Fieldfare Turdus pilaris | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula | Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata | European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Bluethroat Luscinia svecica | Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus | Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva | Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca | Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros | Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Whinchat Saxicola rubetra | Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Dunnock Prunella modularis | Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea | Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis | Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs | Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes | Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Twite Linaria flavirostris | Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Linnet Linaria cannabina | Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Lesser Redpoll Acanthis cabaret | Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis | Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra | Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra | Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella | Common Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Greylag Goose Anser anser | Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana | Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Tundra Bean Goose Anser serrirostris | Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea | Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Garganey Spatula querquedula | Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Gadwall Mareca strepera | Mallard Anas platyrhynchos | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca | Greater Scaup Aythya marila | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula | Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca | Common Scoter Melanitta nigra | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus | Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix | Common Crane Grus grus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus | Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Stock Dove Columba oenas | European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Woodpigeon Columba palumbus | Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Water Rail Rallus aquaticus | Corncrake Crex crex | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Water Rail Rallus aquaticus | Spotted Crake Porzana porzana | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Corncrake Crex crex | Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Spotted Crake Porzana porzana | Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Spotted Crake Porzana porzana | Baillon's Crake Zapornia pusilla | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus | Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola | European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus | Ruff Calidris pugnax | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus | Herring Gull Larus argentatus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus | Eurasian Treecreeper Certhia familiaris | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus | Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus | Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata | Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola | Great Snipe Gallinago media | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola | Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Great Snipe Gallinago media | Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos | Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus | Common Redshank Tringa totanus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Redshank Tringa totanus | Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus | Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus | Sanderling Calidris alba | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea | Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea | Sanderling Calidris alba | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii | Little Stint Calidris minuta | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Little Tern Sternula albifrons | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus | Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mediterranean Gull Ichthyaetus melanocephalus | Common Gull Larus canus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Common Gull Larus canus | Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans | Little Tern Sternula albifrons | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Herring Gull Larus argentatus | White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus | Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides | 1 | 0 | 1 |